This post will make a completed view of Biosphere reserves in Asia and the Pacific from knowledge to listing all places Update [Oct – 2022]
Know about Biosphere reserves
What is Biosphere Reserve?
- Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large areas of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination of both.
- Biosphere Reserves tries to balance economic and social development and maintenance of associated cultural values along with the preservation of nature.
- Biosphere Reserves are thus special environments for both people and nature and are living examples of how human beings and nature can co-exist while respecting each other’s needs.
What are the Criteria for Designation of Biosphere Reserve?
- A site must contain a protected and minimally disturbed core area of value of nature conservation.
- The core area must be a bio-geographical unit and should be large enough to sustain a viable populations representing all trophic levels.
- The involvement of local communities and use of their knowledge in biodiversity preservation.
- Area’s potential for preservation of traditional tribal or rural modes of living for harmonious use of the environment.
What are the Three Main Zones of Biosphere Reserve?
- Core Areas:
- It is the most protected area of a biosphere reserve. It may contain endemic plants and animals.
- They conserve the wild relatives of economic species and also represent important genetic reservoirs having exceptional scientific interest.
- A core zone is a protected region, like a National Park or Sanctuary/protected/regulated mostly under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. It is kept free from human interference.
- Buffer Zone:
- The buffer zone surrounds the core zone, and its activities are managed in this area in ways that help in the protection of the core zone in its natural condition.
- It includes restoration, limited tourism, fishing, grazing, etc., which are permitted to reduce its effect on the core zone.
- Research and educational activities are to be encouraged.
- Transition Zone:
- It is the outermost part of the biosphere reserve. It is the zone of cooperation where human ventures and conservation are done in harmony.
- It includes settlements, croplands, managed forests and areas for intensive recreation and other economic uses characteristics of the region.
What are the Functions of Biosphere Reserve?
- Conservation:
- Managing Biosphere Reserve’s genetic resources, endemic species, ecosystems, and landscapes.
- It may prevent man-animal conflict eg., death of tiger Avni who was shot dead when she turned man-eater
- Along with the wildlife, culture and customs of tribals are also protected
- Development:
- Promoting economic and human growth that is sustainable on a sociocultural and ecological level. It seeks to strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: social, economic, and protection of the environment.
- Logistic support:
- Promoting research activities, environmental education, training and monitoring in the context of local, national and international conservation and sustainable development.
Biosphere reserves in Asia and the Pacific
There are 172 biosphere reserves in 24 countries in Asia and the Pacific.
Source: unesco.org
Asia and the Pacific region counts four regional networks:
The East Asian Biosphere Reserve Network (EABRN) launched in 1994,
The Pacific Man and the Biosphere Network (PacMAB) was created in 2006,
The South and Central Asia MAB Network (SACAM) was created in 2002, and
The Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network (SeaBRnet) was created in 1998.
Full list of biosphere reserves in Asia and the Pacific
This list includes Periodic Reviews –January 2021 Update link Here (UNESCO.ORG)
| Countries (24) | Biosphere Reserve (172) | Year of designation | Periodic Reviews |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUSTRALIA | |||
| 5 biosphere reserves | 1977. Withdrawn in 2020 | 2003 | |
| 1977. Withdrawn in 2020 | 2003 | ||
| 1977. Withdrawn in 2002 | |||
| 1977. Withdrawn in 2011 | |||
| 1977. Withdrawn in 2018 | |||
| 1977. Withdrawn in 2020 | 2003 | ||
| 1977. Withdrawn in 2020 | 2003 | ||
| 1977. Withdrawn in 2018 | |||
| 1977 (Originally Danggali Conservation Park, extended and renamed Bookmark in 1995. Renamed as Riverland in 2004). Withdrawn in 2020 | 2004 | ||
| Fitzgerald (Extended & renamed in 2017) | 1978 | 2003, 2017 | |
| 1981. Withdrawn in 2018 | |||
| 1981. Withdrawn in 2018 | |||
| Mornington Peninsula and Western Port | 2002 | 2015 | |
| 2005. Withdrawn in 2018 | |||
| Noosa | 2007 | ||
| Great Sandy | 2009 | ||
| Sunshine Coast | 2022 | ||
| CAMBODIA | |||
| 1 biosphere reserve | Tonle Sap | 1997 | 2012 |
| CHINA | |||
| 34 biosphere reserves | Changbaishan | 1979 | 1998, 2017 |
| Dinghushan | 1979 | 1998, 2017 | |
| Wolong | 1979 | 1998, 2017 | |
| Fanjingshan | 1986 | 1999, 2017 | |
| Xilingol | 1987 | 1999, 2017 | |
| Wuyishan | 1987 | 1999 | |
| Bogeda | 1990 | 2001, 2016 | |
| Shennongjia | 1990 | 2001, 2017 | |
| Yancheng | 1992 | 2003, 2015 | |
| Xishuangbanna | 1993 | 2004, 2016 | |
| Maolan | 1996 | 2007 | |
| Tianmushan | 1996 | 2007 | |
| Fenglin | 1997 | 2009 | |
| Jiuzhaigou Valley | 1997 | 2011 | |
| Nanji Islands | 1998 | 2011 | |
| Shankou Mangrove | 2000 | 2011 | |
| Baishuijiang | 2000 | 2011 | |
| Gaoligong Mountain | 2000 | 2011 | |
| Huanglong | 2000 | 2011 | |
| Baotianman | 2001 | 2012 | |
| Saihan Wula | 2001 | 2012 | |
| Dalai Lake | 2002 | 2014 | |
| Wudalianchi | 2003 | 2014 | |
| Yading | 2003 | 2014 | |
| Foping | 2004 | ||
| Qomolangma | 2004 | ||
| Chebaling | 2007 | ||
| Xingkai Lake | 2007 | ||
| Mao’er Mountain | 2011 | ||
| Jinggangshan | 2012 | ||
| Niubeiliang | 2012 | ||
| Snake Island, Laotie Mountain | 2013 | ; | |
| Hanma | 2015 | ||
| Mount Huangshan | 2018 | ||
| INDIA | |||
| 12 biosphere reserves | Nilgiri | 2000 | 2012 |
| Gulf of Mannar | 2001 | 2013 | |
| Sunderban | 2001 | 2013 | |
| Nanda Devi | 2004 | ||
| Nokrek | 2009 | ||
| Pachmarhi | 2009 | ||
| Similipal | 2009 | ||
| Achanakmar-Amarkantak | 2012 | ||
| Great Nicobar | 2013 | ||
| Agasthyamala | 2016 | ||
| Khangchendzonga | 2018 | ||
| Panna | 2020 | ||
| INDONESIA | |||
| 19 biosphere reserves | Cibodas | 1977 | 2011 |
| Komodo | 1977 | 1999, 2013 | |
| Lore Lindu | 1977 | 1999, 2013 | |
| Tanjung Puting | 1977 | 1998, 2013 | |
| Gunung Leuser | 1981 | 1999, 2013 | |
| Siberut | 1981 | 1999, 2013 | |
| Giam Siak Kecil – Bukit Batu | 2009 | ||
| Wakatobi | 2012 | ||
| Bromo Tengger Semeru-Arjuno | 2015 | ||
| Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar | 2015 | ||
| Belambangan | 2016 | ||
| Berbak – Sembilang | 2018 | ||
| Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum Kapuas Hulu | 2018 | ||
| Rinjani Lombok | 2018 | ||
| Saleh-Moyo-Tambora or ‘SAMOTA’ | 2019 | ||
| Togean Tojo Una-Una | 2019 | ||
| Bunaken Tangkoko Minahasa | 2020 | ||
| Karimunjawa-Jepara-Muria | 2020 | ||
| Merapi Merbabu Menoreh | 2020 | ||
| ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN | |||
| 13 biosphere reserves | Arasbaran | 1976 | 2002, 2013 |
| Arjan | 1976 | 2002, 2013 | |
| Geno | 1976 | 2002, 2013 | |
| Golestan | 1976 | 2002, 2013 | |
| Hara | 1976 | 2002, 2013 | |
| Kavir | 1976 | 2002, 2013 | |
| Lake Oromeeh | 1976 | 2002, 2013 | |
| Miankaleh | 1976 | 2002, 2013 | |
| Touran | 1976 | 2002, 2013 | |
| Dena | 2010 | ||
| Tang-e-Sayad & Sabzkuh | 2015 | ||
| Hamoun | 2016 | ||
| Kopet Dag | 2018 | ||
| JAPAN | |||
| 10 biosphere reserves | Mount Hakusan | 1980 (Extended in 2016) | 1999, 2016 |
| Mount Odaigahara, Mount Omine and Osugidani | 1980 (former Mount Odaigahara & Mount Omine, extended and renamed in 2016) | 1999, 2016 | |
| Shiga Highland | 1980 (Extended in 2014) | 1999, 2014 | |
| Yakushima and Kuchinoerabu Jima | 1980 (former Yakushima Island, extended and renamed in 2016) | 1999, 2016 | |
| Aya | 2012 | ||
| Minami-Alps | 2014 | ||
| Tadami | 2014 | ||
| Minakami | 2017 | ||
| Sobo, Katamuki and Okue | 2017 | ||
| Kobushi | 2019 | ||
| KAZAKHSTAN | |||
| 15 biosphere reserve | Korgalzhyn | 2012 | |
| Alakol | 2013 | ||
| Ak-Zhayik | 2014 | ||
| Aksu-Zhabagly | 2015 | ||
| Barsakelmes | 2016 | ||
| Great Altay Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (Kazakhstan/Russian Federation) | (former Katon-Karagay 2014) 2017 | ||
| Altyn Emel | 2017 | ||
| Karatau | 2017 | ||
| Charyn | 2018 | ||
| Zhongar | 2018 | ||
| Almaty | 2020 | ||
| West Altai | 2020 | ||
| Kolsai Kolderi Biosphere Reserve | 2021 | ||
| Burabay | 2022 | ||
| Markakol | 2022 | ||
| DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | |||
| 5 biosphere reserves | Mount Paekdu | 1989 | 2002, 2014 |
| Mount Kuwol | 2004 | ||
| Mount Myohyang | 2009 | ||
| Mount Chilbo | 2014 | ||
| Mount Kumgang | 2018 | ||
| REPUBLIC OF KOREA | |||
| 9 biosphere reserves | Mount Sorak | 1982 (Extended in 2016) | 1998, 2013 |
| Jeju Island | 2002 (Extended in 2019) | 2013 | |
| Shinan Dadohae | 2009 (Extended in 2016) | 2016 | |
| Gwangneung Forest | 2010 | ||
| Gochang | 2013 | ||
| Suncheon | 2018 | ||
| Gangwon Eco-Peace | 2019 | ||
| Yeoncheon Imjin River | 2019 | ||
| Wando Archipelago Biosphere Reserve | 2021 | ||
| KYRGYZSTAN | |||
| 2 biosphere reserves | Sary-Chelek | 1978 | 2013 |
| Issyk Kul | 2001 | 2013 | |
| MALAYSIA | |||
| 3 biosphere reserve | Tasik Chini | 2009 | |
| Crocker Range | 2014 | ||
| Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve | 2021 | ||
| MALDIVES | |||
| 3 biosphere reserve | Addu Atoll | 2020 | |
| Fuvahmulah | 2020 | ||
| Baa Atoll | 2011 | ||
| FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA | |||
| 2 biosphere reserves | Utwe | 2005 | |
| And Atoll | 2007 | ||
| MONGOLIA | |||
| 9 biosphere reserves | Great Gobi | 1990 | 2016 |
| Boghd Khan Uul | 1996 | 2016 | |
| Uvs Nuur Basin | 1997 | 2016 | |
| Hustai Nuruu | 2002 | 2015 | |
| Dornod Mongol | 2005 | 2017 | |
| Mongol Daguur | 2007 | ||
| Toson-Khulstai | 2020 | ||
| Uvs Lake Depression Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (Mongolia – Russian Federation) | 2021 (encompasses previously designated biosphere reserves) | ||
| Khuvsgul Lake | 2022 | ||
| MYANMAR | |||
| 2 biosphere reserves | Inlay Lake | 2015 | |
| Indawgyi | 2017 | ||
| PAKISTAN | |||
| 2 biosphere reserve | Lal Suhanra | 1978 | 1998, 2014 |
| Ziarat Juniper Forest | 2013 | ||
| PALAU | |||
| 1 biosphere reserve | Ngaremeduu | 2005 | |
| PHILIPPINES | |||
| 3 biosphere reserves | Puerto Galera | 1977 | 2014 |
| Palawan | 1990 | 2012 | |
| Albay | 2016 | ||
| SRI LANKA | |||
| 4 biosphere reserves | Hurulu | 1977 | 1998, 2014 |
| Sinharaja | 1978 | 1998, 2004, 2014 | |
| Kanneliya-Dediyagala-Nakiyadeniya (KDN) | 2004 | 2014 | |
| Bundala | 2005 | 2015 | |
| THAILAND | |||
| 5 biosphere reserves | Sakaerat | 1976 | 1999, 2015 |
| Hauy Tak Teak | 1977 | 1999, 2014 | |
| Mae Sa-Kog Ma | 1977 | 1999, 2015 | |
| Ranong | 1997 | 2011, 2014 | |
| Doi Chiang Dao Biosphere Reserve | 2021 | ||
| TURKMENISTAN | |||
| 1 biosphere reserve | Repetek | 1978 | 2005, 2017 |
| UZBEKISTAN | |||
| 2 biosphere reserves | Mount Chatkal | 1978 | 1999, 2015 |
| Lower Amudarya State Biosphere Reserve | 2021 | ||
| VIET NAM | |||
| 11 biosphere reserves | Can Gio Mangrove | 2001 | 2011 |
| Dong Nai | 2001 (former Cat Tien, 2001 – extended in 2011) | 2011 | |
| Cat Ba | 2004 | 2015 | |
| Red River Delta | 2004 | ||
| Kien Giang | 2006 | 2017 | |
| Western Nghe An | 2007 | ||
| Mui Ca Mau | 2009 | ||
| Cu Lao Cham – Hoi An | 2009 | ||
| Langbiang | 2015 | ||
| Nui Chua Biosphere Reserve | 2021 | ||
| Kon ha Nung Biosphere Reserve | 2021 |
The largest biosphere reserve in Southeast Asia
In addition, Vietnam joined UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) in 2000. The WNBR consists of a network of sites called Biosphere Reserves, aimed at integrating people and nature for sustainable development. So far, UNESCO has designated eight such voluntary Biosphere Reserves in Vietnam. The Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve, designated in 2007, is the largest of these reserves.
Western Nghe An Biosphere Reserve
With an area of 1.3 million hectares, Western Nghe shares 440 kilometers (about 273 miles) of its boundary with neighboring Laos. The biosphere reserve contains three important protected areas – Pu Mat National Park, Pu Huong Nature Reserve and Pu Hoat Nature Reserve – home to several threatened, rare and endemic species. Western Nghe An also has many ethnic groups residing within, such as the Thai, Mong, Tay Poong and Kho Mu.
While Western Nghe An was recognized as a biosphere reserve in 2007, it was only in 2011 that the Nghe An People’s Community officially accepted UNESCO’s recognition.
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